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Commentary

18 May 2005

On The Rise and Fall of Comic Opera

La ópera propiamente dicha nació seria, muy seria. Al fin y al cabo, a finales del siglo XVI, los selectos miembros de la aristocrática Camerata dei Bardi, en Florencia, imaginaban estar recreando nada más y nada menos que la tragedia griega. Pero, de forma paralela, y en el mismo contexto cultural, el madrigal dramático italiano estaba alcanzando su madurez con obras abiertamente cómicas.


Gaetano Donizetti (1797-1848)

La seriedad de lo cómico

Una reflexión sobre la historia de la ópera bufa a propósito del las representaciones de 'L'elisir d'amore', de Donizetti, en el Liceu

MIQUEL DESCLOT [La Vanguardia, 18 May 05]

La ópera propiamente dicha nació seria, muy seria. Al fin y al cabo, a finales del siglo XVI, los selectos miembros de la aristocrática Camerata dei Bardi, en Florencia, imaginaban estar recreando nada más y nada menos que la tragedia griega. Pero, de forma paralela, y en el mismo contexto cultural, el madrigal dramático italiano estaba alcanzando su madurez con obras abiertamente cómicas. De modo que, mientras en Florencia, en 1597, Jacopo Peri producía su Dafne, considerada la primera ópera de la historia, el fraile bolonés Adriano Banchieri escribía su célebre comedia madrigalesca La pazzia senile (publicada en Venecia, en 1598), considerada a menudo como la primera ópera cómica, o por lo menos como el germen del género bufo. La seriedad aristocratizante de la ópera ya nacía, pues, amenazada de cerca por la comicidad demótica, burguesa, de la comedia madrigalesca. Era fatal que la segunda acabara minando a la primera. Y lo curioso es que no tardó nada en hacerlo. Al desplazarse el epicentro de la ópera a Venecia, con Monteverdi, el terreno quedó listo para la hibridación. Así, las óperas de Francesco Cavalli, colaborador y sucesor del gran maestro cremonés, ya presentan una barroca mezcolanza de elementos serios y elementos cómicos muy característica de la idiosincrasia veneciana, en la que la pasión se auna naturalmente con lo carnavalesco, aun sin alcanzar la cohesión shakespeariana. Sin embargo, la reacción de la seriedad arrancó de la propia Venecia, a principios del siglo XVIII, de la mano del escritor y libretista Apostolo Zeno, quien inició una reforma encaminada a restaurar la calidad literaria del libreto y una progresiva eliminación de los elementos cómicos, en la línea de los clásicos requerimientos aristotélicos. Así nacía la ópera seria setecentista, que culminaría en la obra del sucesor de Zeno como poeta áulico en la corte de Viena, Pietro Metastasio, autor de la mayoría de libretos operísticos del segundo tercio del siglo XVIII.

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